Climate Change In Nigeria

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns are referred to as climate change. These shifts may be natural, but human activities have been the primary driver of climate change since the 1800s, producing heat-trapping greenhouse gases (United Nations, 2021). Human activities such as transport, energy production, industry, waste, agriculture, and other land use are among the main emitters of greenhouse gases. A high level of these gases in the atmosphere causes global warming, which increases the earth's average temperature. The following paragraphs are on the impacts of climate change.

Nigeria’s climate has been changing, evident in: increases in temperature; variable rainfall; rise in sea level and flooding; drought and desertification; land degradation; more frequent extreme weather events; affected fresh water resources and loss of biodiversity. The durations and intensities of rainfall have increased, producing large runoffs and flooding in many places in Nigeria.

Causes Of Climate Change:

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns are referred to as climate change. These shifts may be natural, but human activities have been the primary driver of climate change since the 1800s, producing heat-trapping greenhouse gases (United Nations, 2021). Human activities such as transport, energy production, industry, waste, agriculture, and other land use are among the main emitters of greenhouse gases. A high level of these gases in the atmosphere causes global warming, which increases the earth's average temperature. The following pages are on the impacts of climate change

Flooding:

Rising sea levels and extreme weather events are causing frequent floods, especially in southern Nigeria. This has resulted in loss of life, damage to infrastructure, and displacement of thousands of residents. For instance, the 2022 floods in Nigeria destroyed over 440,000 hectares of farmland, affecting over 1.4 million people and causing significant economic damage, estimated at around $6.68 billion.

Drought and Desertification:

Northern Nigeria is experiencing increased heatwaves, droughts, and desertification, which are negatively impacting agricultural production and food security. This is particularly concerning for communities reliant on agriculture and livestock for their livelihood.

Erratic Rainfalls:

Climate change is causing unpredictable rainfall patterns, leading to:

- Increased runoff and flooding: Heavy rainfall events are becoming more frequent, resulting in significant runoff and flooding.

  - Water scarcity: Changes in rainfall patterns are affecting freshwater resources, reducing water availability for agriculture, fishing, and drinking.

Heat Waves:

Heat waves in Nigeria are intensifying due to climate change, leading to severe impacts on public health and livelihoods. Increased temperatures, exacerbated by factors like urban development and deforestation, are causing more frequent and prolonged heat waves, pushing temperatures beyond 40°C in many parts of the country. This poses significant risks, including heatstroke, dehydration, and respiratory illnesses, particularly for vulnerable populations. Agriculture is also being affected, with reduced crop yields and potential food shortages. 

Soil Pollution:

Climate change is exacerbating soil pollution in Nigeria through various mechanisms, including increased erosion, flooding, and desertification, which can lead to the spread of contaminants and reduced soil fertility. Additionally, changing rainfall patterns and extreme weather events can increase soil contamination through runoff and leaching of pollutants from landfills and other sources.

Strategies Employed In The Battle Against Climate Change:

Nigeria is actively employing both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change. Mitigation strategies focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, while adaptation strategies aim to minimize the negative impacts of climate change. Key areas include transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, implementing sustainable land management practices, and enhancing water resource management.

Strengthening Nigeria's Defense Against Climate Change:

Strengthening Nigeria’s Defences against Climate Change In response to the situation, the Nigeria Erosion and Water Shed Management Project (NEWMAP), launched in 2012, adopted innovative integrated approaches based on community participation. The project, completed in 2022, linked poverty alleviation with sustainable ecosystems and better disaster-risk prevention. This holistic approach has improved the lives and safety of more than 12 million people in 23 states in Nigeria.

In conclusion, climate change poses a significant and growing threat to Nigeria's environment, economy, and public health. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, desertification, flooding, and rising sea levels are already affecting millions of Nigerians, especially vulnerable communities. To address these challenges, Nigeria must strengthen its commitment to sustainable development, invest in renewable energy, enforce environmental regulations, and promote climate-smart agriculture. Public awareness and international cooperation are equally essential in mitigating the effects of climate change. With concerted efforts from the government, private sector, and civil society, Nigeria can build resilience and secure a sustainable future for its people.